新工艺对米仓山茶生化成分及品质的影响

为克服传统工艺制作的米仓山茶干茶色泽较黄泛灰,欠绿润;香气欠高,滋味浓厚尚鲜等问题,探究米仓山茶新工艺对其主要成分含量及茶叶品质的影响,并与传统工艺下的米仓山茶进行比较。结果表明:新工艺生产的米仓山茶的氨基酸含量为4.36%~4.66%,比传统工艺高7.65%~9.42%;茶多酚含量为16.86%~18.41%,比传统工艺低4.59%~7.87%,其中儿茶素总量比传统工艺低2.69%~5.64%。新工艺所制米仓山茶外形扁直绿润,栗香浓郁,滋味浓醇。新工艺具有一定的增氨降酚作用,增强其鲜爽味,改善茶叶品质,所制绿茶品质更佳。     

北京崎峰茶金矿废弃地植被特征研究及修复初探

对崎峰茶金矿废弃地破坏区自然恢复植被及周边未破坏区自然植被特征进行调查研究的基础上,结合生态学原理,为废弃地植被修复的植物材料和群落配置模式提供建议。植被调查采用样方法,研究地植被物种总计134种,隶属53科104属,均为乡土物种。其中破坏区自然恢复植被处于次生演替初期,总计物种55种;菊科、蔷薇科、蝶形花科、唇形科等优势科草本对不良生境具较强抗性和适应性。未破坏区自然林是植被修复的重要种质资源库,总计物种88种,与破坏区物种构成具较大差异;优势科为菊科、蔷薇科、毛茛科、桦木科等;乔、灌层优势种分布的海拔梯度格局较为显著,乔木层优势种为蒙古栎、山杨等,灌木层优势种为六道木、小花溲疏、毛榛、卵叶鼠李、山杏等。稳定度指数法评价筛选出的13个典型原生植物群落对破坏区植被恢复的群落配置具有一定借鉴意义。     

南太平洋延绳钓长鳍金枪鱼生物学组成及其与栖息环境关系

长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)经济价值高,是我国延绳钓渔业重要的目标鱼种。根据2013年9月~2014年1月和2014年4~8月我国金枪鱼观察员在南太平洋东部海域收集的长鳍金枪鱼样本和海洋环境数据,对其生物学组成和栖息环境进行了研究。结果表明:叉长(FL,cm)与体质量(WW,kg)的关系为:WW=3×10-5×FL2.909 9(雌雄性,R2=0.915 3);体长(TL,cm)与叉长(FL,cm)关系为:TL=1.033 6FL+2.555(R2=0.961 4);叉长(FL,cm)与两背鳍间距(LD1D2,cm)的关系为:LD1D2=0.248 5FL+1.238 1(R2=0.815 1);利用各水层长鳍金枪鱼渔获率(catch per unit effort,CPUE)推测其主要的栖息水层为150~270 m,栖息水层温度范围16~22℃,盐度范围35.0~35.6,其中最高资源丰度主要分布在190~230 m的水层,对应的温度为18~20℃,盐度为35.2~35.4。研究结果可为掌握南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼栖息环境提供基础数据。     

蚯蚓粉替代鱼粉对大鳞副泥鳅生长、肌肉成分、血清生化指标及免疫性能的影响

以初始体重为(3.86±0.23)g的大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)为试验对象,研究蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)粉替代鱼粉对其生长、肌肉成分、血清生化指标及免疫性能的影响。以0代替鱼粉为对照组,用蚯蚓粉替代25%、50%、75%、100%的鱼粉配制成5组等氮等能饲料,在网箱中进行10周的养殖试验。结果显示,饲料中的蚯蚓粉替代鱼粉对大鳞副泥鳅的存活率无显著影响;随着替代水平的升高,饲料系数、增重率升高(P0.05),肥满度、肝体比降低(P0.05)。各组间脾体比、特定生长率均无显著性差异;75%和100%替代组肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),100%替代组粗蛋白和水分含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。随着饲料中蚯蚓粉水平的上升,鱼体肌肉蛋白质的精氨酸、胱氨酸、天门冬氨酸含量升高(P0.05),脯氨酸、组氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸含量显著降低(P0.05);各组间血清谷丙转氨酶活力、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均无显著性差异(P0.05)。随着代替水平的上升,血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量显著升高(P0.05),谷草转氨酶显著降低(P0.05);随着替代水平的继续上升,肝胰脏过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、溶菌酶活力下降,肝胰脏丙二醛含量、碱性磷酸酶活力、攻毒后的发病率和死亡率上升。各组间的肝胰脏总超氧化物歧化酶活力和总抗氧化能力均无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,本实验条件下,蚯蚓粉可部分替代(22%)饲料鱼粉而不影响大鳞副泥鳅的生长和存活,且能提高鱼体肌肉成分,有效预防肝胰脏损伤和过氧化,但显著降低了鱼类免疫性能(P0.05)。     

福建诏安湾春、秋季鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类组成及数量变化

2012年10月和2014年5月在诏安湾海域进行了鱼卵、仔稚鱼的调查,对诏安湾秋季和春季的鱼卵和仔稚鱼的种类组成、数量和分布进行了研究。结果表明,本调查海域共鉴定的鱼卵7种、仔稚鱼7种,隶属于10科10属;秋季共采集到鱼卵31个和仔稚鱼47尾,密集区出现在湾口的西屿北侧海域,春季共采集到鱼卵662个和仔稚鱼69尾,密集区主要分布在诏安湾中部偏北海域和湾口西屿西侧海域。秋季主要优势种为隆头鱼科鱼类、美肩鳃鳚,春季主要优势种为黄姑鱼、红鳍笛鲷和美肩鳃鳚。与东山湾相比,春季诏安湾鱼卵密度明显较大、仔稚鱼资源密度略低;秋季两个海湾的鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量均处于低水平;两个海湾的产卵时期主要在春季。     

蚕豆、大巢菜籽及苦瓜籽饲料对草鱼生长、肌肉成分、组织生化指标和消化酶活性的影响

分别以常规配合饲料(配合饲料组)、浸泡蚕豆(浸泡蚕豆组)、含75%蚕豆(蚕豆饲料组)、60%大巢菜籽(巢菜籽饲料组)、60%苦瓜籽(苦瓜籽饲料组)的饲料饲喂体重为(59.0±0.6)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella),养殖8周后,配合饲料的增重率显著高于其他各组(P0.05),饲料系数显著低于其他各组(P0.05);与浸泡蚕豆组相比,蚕豆饲料组的增重率提高56.9%,而巢菜籽饲料组、苦瓜籽饲料组的增重率则分别下降30.6%、21.2%(P0.05);浸泡蚕豆组、蚕豆饲料组、巢菜籽饲料组、苦瓜籽饲料组的肌肉胶原蛋白含量较配合饲料组显著提高,而肌肉脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05);苦瓜籽饲料组的肌肉总氨基酸(TAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)含量显著高于配合饲料组和浸泡蚕豆组(P0.05)。在生化指标方面,与配合饲料组相比,投喂蚕豆、巢菜籽饲料及浸泡蚕豆显著降低了肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P0.05),提高了肝胰脏丙二醛(MDA)含量和肌肉肌酸激酶(CK)活性(P0.05),但蚕豆饲料组的肝胰脏丙二醛(MDA)含量低于浸泡蚕豆组(P0.05);在消化酶方面,投饲蚕豆、巢菜籽、苦瓜籽饲料和浸泡蚕豆显著降低了前肠脂肪酶活性(P0.05),提高了α-淀粉酶活性(P0.05),蚕豆饲料组、巢菜籽饲料组及浸泡蚕豆组的碱性蛋白酶活性较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。上述结果表明,饲喂以蚕豆、大巢菜籽、苦瓜籽为主要成分的配合饲料及浸泡蚕豆可改变草鱼肌肉组成,但也降低了草鱼生长性能;综合生长性能和肌肉组成,蚕豆饲料较巢菜籽饲料、苦瓜籽饲料和浸泡蚕豆在脆化草鱼生产养殖上更具有可行性。     

Effects of feeding frequency on growth,feed efficiency and body composition of juveniles Brazilian sardine,Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindacher 1879)

The Brazilian sardine is the most important fishery resource in Brazil. Their production has declined along the last 30 years due the overfishing, climatic and oceanographic phenomena. This study was carried out to determine the optimal feeding frequency for juvenile Brazilian sardine based on growth, feed efficiency, feed intake and body composition. Six feeding frequencies of one, two, three, four, five and six times a day were evaluated in triplicate tanks for 50 days. Fish with initial mean weight of 3.29 ± 0.56 g were fed daily to apparent satiation. The results showed that fish fed once daily had lower body weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factor (P < 0.05) compared with other treatments. The feed efficiency ratio in fish fed once daily was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those fed two or more times a day. No significant differences were observed in the coefficient of variation in body weight (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Feed intake was directly proportional to the feeding frequency. Fish fed once daily showed lower hepatosomatic and mesenteric fat indices (P < 0.05) than the other treatments. Neither protein nor ash content of fish were significantly (P > 0.05) affected by feeding frequency. However, the lipid content increased with feeding frequency. The results suggest that the optimal feeding frequency for juvenile Brazilian sardine is at least twice daily.     

Dietary threonine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp,Catla catla (Hamilton) estimated by growth,protein retention efficiency,threonine deposition,haematological parameters and carcass composition

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary threonine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Catla catla (3.35 ± 0.11 cm; 0.59 ± 0.06 g). Six casein‐gelatin based (33% crude protein; 3.23 kcal g^?1 digestible energy) amino acid test diets with graded levels of analysed threonine (0.74%, 0.96%, 1.21%, 1.48%, 1.72% and 1.93% dry diet) were fed to satiation to triplicate groups of fish. Absolute weight gain (g per fish), feed conversion ratio, protein retention efficiency, threonine deposition, RNA/DNA ratio and carcass protein significantly improved with the increase in dietary threonine and peaked at 1.48% of the dry diet. Haematological indices were also found to be best in fish fed at 1.48% threonine diet. Quadratic regression analysis of absolute weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein retention efficiency, threonine deposition, RNA/DNA ratio, carcass protein, haemoglobin (g dL^?1), haematocrit (%) and RBCs (10⁶ × mm^?3) at 95% of maximum and minimum response exhibited the threonine requirement of fingerling C. catla between 1.35% and 1.48% dry diet, corresponding to 4.09–4.48% dietary protein. Present finding would be useful in formulating threonine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of C. catla.     

瀑布沟水电站成库后鱼类组成变化与保护对策

通过探究瀑布沟水电站建成后鱼类物种结构与建库前的相应变化,为有针对性的生态补偿措施提供参考,还可为西部地区水电开发与自然生态保护的协调发展提供宏观决策依据。基于1985年、2002年和2012年在瀑布沟库尾至坝下河段的调查数据,研究了瀑布沟水电站水库形成前后库区鱼类物种组成、渔获物结构以及保护物种分布的变化趋势。2012年库区调查共采集到鱼类14种,相比1985年和2002年分别减少了53种和51种,群落组成中定居性鱼类物种比例及渔获物比例均显著上升,适应流水环境的鱼类所占比例大幅下降。渔获物中优势物种为鲫(Carassius auratus),占渔获总重量的比例为61.59%,而在前2次调查中占据优势的齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)和重口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax davidi)几近消失。研究结果显示,水库形成后鱼类组成已发生显著改变,适应流水生境的鱼类在库区难以捕获,而静水性鱼类比例则显著升高;重口裂腹鱼等保护物种以及四川白甲鱼(Onychostoma angustistomata)等特有鱼类因水文条件的变化总体上表现为资源量下降,同时分布区域向坝下或库尾等流域生境迁移。针对成库后鱼类物种的变化特征,提出了实施生态保护、规划过鱼设施以及开展增殖放流等措施和建议。